%general-entities; ]> The commands in the remainder of the book should be run as the root user. Check that ${CLFS} is set in the root user’s environment before proceeding. Various file systems exported by the kernel are used to communicate to and from the kernel itself. These file systems are virtual in that no disk space is used for them. The content of the file systems resides in memory. Begin by creating directories onto which the file systems will be mounted: mkdir -pv ${CLFS}/{dev,proc,run,sys} Two device nodes, /dev/console and /dev/null, are required to be present on the file system. These are needed by the kernel even before starting Udev early in the boot process, so we create them here: mknod -m 600 ${CLFS}/dev/console c 5 1 mknod -m 666 ${CLFS}/dev/null c 1 3 Once the system is complete and booting, the rest of our device nodes will be created by the kernel's devtmpfs file system. For now though, we will just use the bind option in the mount command to make our host system's /dev structure appear in the new CLFS file system: mount -v -o bind /dev ${CLFS}/dev Now mount the remaining file systems: mount -vt devpts -o gid=&gid-tty;,mode=620 devpts ${CLFS}/dev/pts mount -vt proc proc ${CLFS}/proc mount -vt tmpfs tmpfs ${CLFS}/run mount -vt sysfs sysfs ${CLFS}/sys On some host systems, /dev/shm is a symbolic link to /run/shm. If it is, create a directory in /run: [ -h ${CLFS}/dev/shm ] && mkdir -pv ${CLFS}/$(readlink ${CLFS}/dev/shm) Remember that if for any reason you stop working on the CLFS system and start again later, it is important to check that these file systems are mounted again before entering the chroot environment.